COVID-19 | Everything you need to know

About coronaviruses

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people.

A novel coronavirus is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans. The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is a virus identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China. Early on, many of the patients in the outbreak in Wuhan, China reportedly had some link to a large seafood and animal market, suggesting animal-to-person spread. However, a growing number of patients reportedly have not had exposure to animal markets, which indicates that person-to-person spread is occurring.

How does the virus spread?

COVID-19 spreads quickly, through:

• coughing or sneezing – people could catch COVID-19 if they are standing within one metre of a person who has the illness, by breathing in droplets coughed out or exhaled by the ill person;
• close personal contact, such as when shaking hands or touching others;
• touching an object or surface on which the virus is found (after an ill person coughs or exhales close to these objects or surfaces such as desks, tables or telephones), then - before washing the hands – touching the mouth, nose, or eyes.

Protect yourself and others by making these 6 simple precautions your new habits:

• Clean your hands often
• Cough or sneeze in your bent elbow - not your hands!
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth
• Limit social gatherings and time spent in crowded places
• Avoid close contact with someone who is sick
• Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces

What are the signs and symptoms to look out for?

The signs and symptoms of COVID-19 are non-specific. This means that the disease presentation or its signs and symptoms can range from asymptomatic people (no obvious signs or symptoms) to those with mild symptoms (like those associated with the common cold), as well as severe respiratory illness (such as pneumonia). In the case of severe or critical illness, the risk of complications increases and the complications can be life threatening.

Typical signs and symptoms

Most common symptoms:

• Fever
• Dry cough
• Fatigue
• Coughing up slime (producing sputum in the lungs)
• Shortness of breath
• Sore throat
• Headache
• Muscle or joint ache or pain
• Body chills

According to the World Health Organization, in more than 80% of all reported cases, fever is the most typical symptom. This is followed by a dry cough (in around 68% of cases), fatigue (38% of cases), producing sputum (33% of cases) and shortness of breath (nearly 19% of reported cases).

Less common symptoms:

• Nausea or vomiting
• Nasal congestion
• Diarrhoea
• Coughing up of blood or blood-stained mucus
• Intensely red eyes, watery discharge from the eyes, swollen eyelids and light sensitivity.
• loss of taste or smell
• a rash on skin, or discolouration of fingers or toes

Once a person has been exposed to coronavirus, signs and symptoms may start in as little as 2 days or take as long as 14 days.

In most instances, the most obvious signs of infection are mild respiratory symptoms and fever. The time it takes for symptoms to appear is called the ‘incubation period’. On average, official reports indicate that signs and symptoms typically develop five to six days after being exposed to the COVID-19 virus. This is often called the ‘mean incubation period’. The full incubation period ranges between 1 and 14 days.